Law of Evidence - Reliability and relevance Essay

Law of Evidence - Reliability and relevance - Essay Example Evidence can only be deemed to be relevant if it is used to prove or disprove a matter that is in issue before the court. Evidence adduced with the intention of causing the jury to disapprove of the defendant is generally inadmissible, unless it is properly presented as evidence of bad character to show the propensity of the defendant to a particular kind of crime. Since scientific evidence is a specific area of expertise it is essential that the person giving evidence relating to scientific findings is suitably qualified, and that the evidence can be relied upon in order to secure a conviction. It is not always easy to draw a distinction between a person who is giving an expert opinion as opposed to evidence of fact1 . The Criminal Procedure Rules 1998 (CPR) were reformed in order to restrict the usage of expert evidence2. CPR r 35.1 states that ‘expert evidence shall be restricted to that which is reasonably required to resolve the proceedings.’ One of the dangers asso ciated with the reliance of expert opinion is that miscarriages of justice may occur as a direct result. ... This case was very similar to R v Clark (no2) [2003]4 in which the evidence of the same expert used in the Cannings case was regarded as reliable, resulting in the conviction of Clark for the murder of her 2 children. Professor Meadow, the expert in these cases was at the time carrying out a government funded report into the causes of sudden infant death. At the trial Professor Meadow made the observation that the chances of 2 children dying of cot death within Clark’s family situation could be compared to the chances of 4 different horses winning the Grand National in consecutive years at odds of 80 to 1. As a result of the elevated status of Professor Meadow as an expert in this field the jury concluded that the deaths could not have been natural causes. The courts have struggled consistently with the testing of expert evidence as there is no compulsory requirement for accreditation of the qualifications of the expert. There is also a lack of training for judges and barriste rs in the understanding of expert evidence, as well as training in judging the reliability of such evidence. In a report conducted by the House of Commons into the reliability of expert forensic evidence the report expressed concern that when the Forensic Science Service moved to the private sector the police service would no longer be able to ask the FSS to ‘provide advice as to the reliability of forensic techniques5.’ At present there is no control over the testing of the reliability of expert witnesses, however, the Law Commission have recently tried to address this issue in the Criminal Evidence (experts) Bill which was published 22 March 20116. In this Bill it was recommended that a reliability based admissibility test should be established for

Importance of Organizations Concerned With Elderly Populace Essay

Importance of Organizations Concerned With Elderly Populace - Essay Example Ageing comes with several diseases like Alzheimer’s disease, Werner syndrome and renal failure. These conditions should be prevented or treated immediately. Therefore, organizations that deal with ageing populace such as AARP have doctors and nurses who are qualified and competent in old age-related diseases. Â  Their programs cater for fitness activities that include body and mental exercises to prevent related diseases. The elderly populace train in the gym with a qualified trainer competent in old-age exercises, and involve in mental games to jog their brains (Howard, 2012). Â  Examples of elderly games include music therapy, video, digital and computer games (National Council on Aging, 2012). These activities prevent diseases, unify the elderly and keep them busy thus they maintain their health.3. Government benefits most of the elderly populace have stopped working and are dependent individuals who need financial assistance. The organizations have come into aid since th ese individuals may have no family members alive who can aid in the paperwork. The organizations assume this task and solicit the funds for them (National Council on Aging, 2012). The funds are partly given to organizations and partly given to individuals. This is to ensure an efficient program by the organization and financial independence for the elderly. Â  The organizations use the money for shelter, garments, foodstuff, healthcare and other festive activities like world tours for the elderly, which unifies them.

Egoism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Egoism - Essay Example Ethical egoism relate to selfishness since it focuses on people who are self-centered. These people think of themselves before they take any action of assisting others. They focus on the result if it favors their cause of action or not. It is also true to say that those people who are willing to help must think of themselves in whichever way. Such people are always cautious; it is always their wish not to harm other people. These kinds of people are very honest since they always thrive to avoid lying. They really value a good reputation and that is why they will always ensure that they maintain it. On the other hand, these people seek to gain trust from other people as much as they need to trust other people. They also ensure that they keep promises once they commit themselves, for this reason they continue keeping the mutual relationship that existed with their friends. There is human being who does not love and appreciate him or herself. This theory provides that people need to love and appreciate themselves before they can get to assist other people. This love for oneself helps to boost the self-confidence and esteem. It portrays how people always love to be on the winning side. On the other hand, Altruism describes people who are willing to go an extra mile to help other people. Although it is widely believed that human beings have the self-interest recent studies has contradicted this fact by arguing that human beings tend to cooperate before they compete. It is through this cooperation and the helping nature of human beings that has made it possible for the people to survive. Indeed, altruism is a fundamental aspect of social instincts. Apparently, although human beings are not entirely altruistic, they have a tendency of feeling compassion to the needy. It is always a challenge to find the better side of human beings (Christians, 2009). The reasons that suggest why we should practice altruism evidently provide the reason why altruism is as result of

Drugs and safety of teens Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Drugs and safety of teens - Essay Example The easy availability of drugs at street corners, students’ hang-out places and even residential areas facilitates the teenagers to remain vulnerable to such drugs. The most worrisome factor that concerns most of the parents is the addictive nature of drugs, as chemical reactions caused by intake of same stimulate and excite the brain; resulting in excessive dependence on these substances repeatedly. As there is no restriction or limitation on the availability of drugs, most teens become victim of drug overdose. This has dangerous repercussions and consequences that can harm the victim mentally and physically, lifelong. Side effects of drugs While discussing on the side-effects of drugs, it is essential to understand that varied substances have different product mix and accordingly can cause several types of side-effects. However many intoxicants like alcohol and amphetamines have direct affect on human brain, as teens start consuming same for stimulation. Amphetamines are ava ilable in different forms like pills, injections or powder that can be snorted and inhaled, which causes the severe damage by getting into the blood stream. However, alcohol, being widely used in our society, is the single most addictive substance that is consumed by teenagers for getting the required stimulation. While it affects our normal brain functions like reflexes, coordination and judgment, teens try to consume an overdose of the same to escape from their psychological pressure and stress. The immediate relief experienced by them with intake of lighter drugs is responsible for the youngsters to upgrade for consuming life threatening substances like inhalants and injections that directly attack the blood cells. Due to their immediate results, in terms of experiencing the height of excitement, teens are tempted to consume such drugs, regularly. In addition, they are available freely everywhere.(Vranken, 2008) Laws and the usage of drugs Referring to the usage of drugs, I regre t to underline that laws meant for preventing the drug abuse have remained irrelevant, as same could not stop their consumption by the teenagers. Contrary to the same, many teenagers have been fined and detained in the juvenile homes and rehabilitation centers. In such detention centers teenagers are placed in custody for violating the laws, mainly for their own and the society’s safety. (Hicks). However, they can interact with hardened criminals, at such centers, which can prove harmful and dangerous for their whole life. Considering such consequences of drug usage, these teenagers are closely watched by the relevant authorities, to ensure that they pay-off their debts and behave in a perfectly normal manner. Repercussions of alcohol consumption Reports of various studies conducted for this purpose have highlighted the dangerous consequences of alcohol consumption. One publication from USA government, â€Å"Prevention Alert†, has listed the side effects of teen alcoho l abuse, which include learning impairments in youngsters that can severely damage their academic career. In one study, it has been found that alcohol dependant teens, in the age group of 15-16, had difficulty in remembering words and simple geometric designs, after a short

UK Constitutional Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

UK Constitutional Law - Essay Example "The special pre eminence which the king hath over and above all other persons and out of the ordinary course of the common law, in right of his legal dignity. It signifies, in its etymology (from Latin prae and rogo) something that is required or demanded before or in preference to all others." "The residue of discretionary or arbitrary authority which at any time is legally left in the hands of the Crown.Every Act which the executive government can lawfully do without the authority of an Act of Parliament is done in virtue of this prerogative (Dicey,1885) Notably Dicey's definition, unlike that of Blackstone's admits that the prerogative power is residual, inherent and particular to the Crown. In addition to this if we adopt Blackstone's classification it is possible to decipher two kinds of these powers as in the Sphere of "Domestic Affairs" and secondly in the matter of "Foreign Affairs". The powers or prerogatives inherent for a Monarch in the matter of Domestic Affairs are, the summoning and dissolution of Parliament, the appointment of a Prime Minister and all the other Ministers, the Royal Assent to bills, the granting of honours, defence of the realm (issues of national security),parens patriae over children, the power to stop criminal prosecutions, the power of mercy/pardoning of offenders, control of the civil service and of the royal fisheries. In the matter of foreign affairs these powers include treaty making provisions, Declarations of war and peace, state recognition, diplomatic relations and control of the armed forces engaged in combat outside the country. The background and the logic behind prerogatives can be explained in a rather historical context , ", the medieval monarchy was both feudal lord and head of the kingdom. As such, the King had powers accounted for by the need to preserve the realm against external foes and an 'undefined residue of power which he might use for the public good'. He could exercise the 'royal prerogative' and impose his will in respect of decision-making. Moreover certain royal functions could be exercised only in certain ways. The common law courts were the King's courts and only through them could the King decide questions of title to land and punish felonies. Yet the King possessed a residual power of administering justice through his Council where the courts of common law were insufficient."1 As far as the sovereign's personal prerogatives are concerned this will be the main issue of scrutiny within this paper. The Crown's personal prerogative powers are mainly recognised under the common law as the power to appoint the Prime Minister that is a person who will be in the best position to receive the support of the majority in the House of Commons. Practically however the Queen/King will have no impact on the political orientation of such a sovereign.2Secondly, the Monarch has the power to dissolve the parliament and allow for re-elections in certain circumstances.3 The third prerogative relates to the

Leadership in Public Health Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Leadership in Public Health - Assignment Example There is, therefore, need for the Public Health System to develop own leadership theory that addresses the theoretical gaps in current leadership literature. The proposed Personal Public Health Leadership Theory is considered sufficient for public health organizations to attain the desired outcome. An evaluation plan is, however; necessary to determine the effectiveness of the theory, and the quasi-experimental method is considered the most appropriate method. Overall, deficiency in leadership is still evident in the sector of Public Health today; hence more effort is needed to address this major issue. Leadership is an important aspect of Public Health. This has gained more significance in the past years, as various studies on leadership confirm the importance of leadership aspect. The sector of Public Health lacks sufficient literature on leadership. The limited research activities in this area in the field of Public Health can be considered the major cause of this leadership literature deficiency. On the other hand, evidence shows that there is a relationship between leadership and quality of services in an organization (Farrell, 2001). For this reason, it is evident that the quality of the health care system depends on the kind of leadership practice. However, due to insufficient literature to guide leadership in the Public Sector, it means that the quality of services therein is more likely to be compromised. Therefore, this necessitates the adoption of more research on leadership in Public Health.  In this paper, there is a literature review on the aspect of leadership. Ther e are many theoretical gaps in the leadership literature that have been identified, and this is a proof of the unreliability of such literature for application in the Public Health sector. In order to, therefore, adopt an effective leadership theory for the Public Health sector, there is need to address the theoretical gaps in the current literature.

Why I want to study fashion design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Why I want to study fashion design - Essay Example Even as a child, I remember inventing clothes for my dolls and enjoying the activity and the imagination it entailed. Though these dolls already had nice outfits, however, I wanted to give them a personal touch of my own. My parents were amazed and thrilled by my creativity and effort to transform these dolls. From just one original outfit I would make several variations. Seeing my interest, as well as my knack for it, they decided to give me a ‘My size Barbie’ and a sewing machine as a Christmas present. That was the starting point; upon entering my teens, I started designing my own clothes along with those of my friends and relatives. I also started attending modeling classes. As I moved on to my college years I decided to pursue a career in Architecture. Putting my dreams of becoming a fashion designer aside, I decided to work in an Architecture firm for a while, thinking of later working in the family Architecture firm as well. However, I did not give up my passion f or fashion, whenever I had free time I kept creating my own designs and drawings of garments. I also had the habit of cutting out designs from magazines – designs I thought were interesting and which I could use as a foundation for further creativity perhaps. A few years later, I decided to move to the United States to get a masters degree in Architecture. After I was done with my masters, I went back to the wonderful world of fashion by getting into modeling school for the second time. This time, I was convinced that I should get back into fashion designing and not give up on my childhood dream. My family and friends not only supported my decision but have been a major motivating force. What is more, even acquaintances and other people have been really appreciative of my creative designs. Their praise has been a constant source of encouragement for me to take up fashion designing on a professional level. The support and praise I receive really helps me by backing up my decis ion to be a creative fashion designer. It feels good when I create, not only because I like it, but also because my designs are liked by people. I have therefore decided to go for a professional degree in fashion designing so that I could also learn about other aspects of the industry. I believe that a degree from Miami International University of Art and Design would help me to grow not only as a person but also as a professional who would be able to meet the challenges of the contemporary world. I have a multi-cultural background, and am greatly influenced by it. It shows in my work too as my passion for ethnic designs and use of fusion is my strongest point. As a child I was much enamored with the fashion magazines that showcased the clothes of leading fashion designers of Milan and Paris. However, as I grew up, I realized that while I am fascinated with the contemporary fashion designers, I am equally captivated by the variety found in ethnic designs. Culture has, therefore, bee n a very vital part of my creativity, which, I believe, needs to be used for exploiting my potential as a designer. In the present environment of globalization, a professional degree in fashion designing would equip me with more options to capably exploit the present opportunities, as well as help me gain a competitive advantage within the fashion industry. The Art Institute is renowned for offering a highly personalized degree. At the same time, it promotes a wide scope of personal development through cross-cultural interaction and community development. Indeed, it offers the best of both worlds: excellent academic programs and opportunities of personal development, both of which are essential for professional success in today’